A notorious London burglar serving a sentence on board one of His Majesty’s prison ships at Portsmouth heard about Jeremiah Chubb’s wonderful new lock – the ‘convict-defying detector lock’ – which no one could pick. “Give me the lock and I’ll pick it as easily as I’ve picked any other lock” he challenged. The prison authorities gave him Mr Chubb’s lock, all the tools he needed, and even a duplicate of the lock to see how it worked. The government promised him a free pardon if he succeeded, and Chubb promised him a £100 reward. The convict worked day after day on the lock. After two and a half months he gave up in despair, and was probably packed off to the Australian colonies.
A serious robbery at the Portsmouth Naval Dockyard in 1817 had so frightened everyone that the government offered a reward of £100 to the inventor of a lock which could not be opened except by its own key. Jeremiah Chubb’s lock won.
Continuous innovation
Locks and keys are like the arms race. Pick a lock and a better one needs to be invented. People have wanted to keep other people away from their possessions for thousands of years. Locks and keys are such an old invention that no one knows when, or where, they began. Strangely enough, the same kinds of locks were used all over the world, from Zanzibar to Indonesia, from Greece to China to the Faeroe Islands above Scotland. The lock design used by the ancient Egyptians5000 years ago is still found today in rural areas of Egypt, and around the Mediterranean.
Humble beginnings
It is easy to see how locks developed from a bar of wood or bolt across a door. The trouble with a bolt is that you can shut it from the inside, but how do you open it from the outside? At first, people cut a hand-sized hole through the door. Later, a much smaller hole was made, so that a long wood or metal prodder – a ‘key’ – could be used to push the bolt. An important invention was a row of pegs, small movable pieces of wood or metal called tumblers, which fell by their own weight into the bolt, holding it securely. The key was fitted with a row of corresponding prongs which pushed the tumblers up, releasing the bolt. Later, springs were invented, to hold the tumblers in place. Each key could now be specially designed to fit its own lock. The stem of the key was like an arm and the prongs were like fingers. A key for this kind of lock was often so heavy it had to be carried over the shoulder.
Medieval locks
Expert locksmiths in medieval times made beautiful, elaborate locks and keys for church doors and document chests and city gates. King Henry VIII of England had a large lock, over a foot long, which was screwed to his bed-chamber door wherever he went. Locksmiths always made the key first, then designed a lock to fit it. Each was made by hand, crafted from metal, which meant that no two sets of lock and key were ever quite the same.
Locks and keys altered very little in design, or in the way they were made, until about 200 years ago, when several English inventors thought out important improvements. The greater the number of complicated pieces inside a lock which to be moved to certain precise positions by the key, before it can be opened, the safer it is. Jeremiah Chubb’s ‘convict-defying detector lock’ had a special lever which was activated, and jammed the mechanism, every time the wrong key was used. Later versions of his lock had six such levers.
18th & 19th Century innovations
A generation before Chubb, a Yorkshire farmer’s son called Joseph Bramah came to London to work as a cabinet-maker. But Bramah’s head was full of ideas for machines. Londoners were panicking about sensational burglaries – nothing in the city was safe. In 1784 Bramah designed a revolutionary security lock. But a smear campaign was started: Bramah’s lock was reputed to be no good. An advertisement, for example, in the morning papers advised people not to break down doors if they lost the key to their Bramah lock. Just contact the advertiser, who would gladly come and pick it. So Bramah improved the design of his lock, then issued a public challenge. He put a handsome four-inch iron padlock in the window of his London shop with this message engraved on its face:
The Artist who can make an Instrument that will pick or Open this Lock, shall Receive 200 Guineas the Moment it is produced. Applications in Writing only.
Only one challenger tried, and he gave up after a week.Bramah’s lock became world-famous. Joseph Bramah now found that his workmen, using traditional tools and methods, could not turn out locks like the original quickly enough to meet the big demand. Such a complicated precision instrument as his lock needed specially designed tools to make it. Bramah, who became a leading inventor of industrial machines, was the first to manufacture locks using machine tools.
The final changeover from locks and keys being hand-crafted and Individually made to being mass-produced and machine-made came with the inventions of an American, Linus Yale Jr, in the 1850s. Yale wanted to be a portrait painter but began, like his father, to design splendid burglar-proof bank locks with names such as Yale’s Magic Infallible Bank Lock and Yale’s Double Treasury Bank Lock. In 1861 he took out the first patent on his most famous lock, and probably the most popular ever made – the revolutionary Yale cylinder lock. The principle of this lock has never needed to be changed.
Yale wanted to invent an improved security door lock, with a handy, small sized key, that would be cheap and easily available. To manufacture his locks and keys, Yale used the system, already highly developed in the United States, of interchangeable parts. One man no longer made a complete object, as craftsmen had done for thousands of years. Instead, an object was divided up into all its component parts, and one man concentrated on making just one part. Each time he made that one part it was identical with the last time, because he used specially designed precision machines. Workmen no longer had to be skilled, or even have any idea of the final product, for this could now be assembled out of any selection of each of the component parts. Thousands of identical clocks and guns were already being produced in American factories by these mass-production methods. Soon, the mass-production of sewing-machines and typewriters would be made possible by the same method of interchangeable parts. Linus Yale took the system a stage further by being the first to use mass-production methods to make unidentical articles, because each set of lock and key had to differ from the last. The five notches in a Yale key, cut automatically to eight different depths in a milling machine, give 32,768 variations.
Sixty years after Joseph Bramah put his Challenge Lock in the window of his London shop, a young American called Alfred Hobbs came to London’s great Crystal Palace Exhibition. Hobbs wanted to publicize the champion Parautoptic Lock made by his company back home in New York. It was displayed at the exhibition. He decided to squash his British competitors by picking their locks. In front of a horrified audience, the latest model Chubb Lock was picked in twenty-five minutes. Hobbs now took up the Bramah Company’s challenge. Week after hot summer week he worked, in secret, a few hours a day, until at last he had it open. Bramah’s claimed he broke the rules, but paid him the 200 guineas, and immediately put a new challenge lock in their window, this time made out of steel instead of iron. Down at the Crystal Palace Exhibition, Hobbs laid 200 shiny new golden guineas on a velvet cloth next to his company’s locks, and the crowds thronged to see them. But the Parautoptic Lock suffered its own terrible defeat 5 years later when Linus Yale picked model after model with only a wooden key. ‘Mr Yale,’ wrote a New York banker, ‘picked my ten-tumbler lock, the finest of its kind, for which I paid three hundred dollars … he cut a wooden key solely from inspection of the lock through the key-hole, which turned the lock back as readily as my key would have done. And then to complete my discomfiture, he cut away one bit of his wooden key and locked it so that I could never have unlocked it with my own key.’
And so it goes on with ever more innovations although now we have electronic locks, keypads and RFID tags to add to the mix as well
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